rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdomrise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. However, the date of retrieval is often important. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. Years' War. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Germany The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. Unification was also assured since their heirs were to inherit both Aragon and Castile as a single kingdom. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars Learn more. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. The queen died two years later. Reviews. The group Young Italy advocated for. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. $49.95 Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. . Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. This policy continued for more than twenty years. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. By 1503 the French were once again driven out of Italy, and the Spanish took possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. The popes remained in Avignon under French domination until 1377, during a period called the Babylonian captivity (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" in Chapter 1). ." This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). The Armada would then sail on to England and stage a massive sea assault. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. His men won a few She was burned at the stake in 1431. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. Civilization Popularity Ranking: During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. KingRider. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. Portugal was a rival of Spain during the age of exploration and discovery. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Edward was returned to the throne. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. Login. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. successor to the throne. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto.

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