But she was powerless. % Larsen's Scandalous Plagiarism: The Case and Its Critical Aftermath Jackman almost gleefully to Literary Dirt/' wrote Harold Countee Cullen on January 27, 1930: Nella Larsen Imes has a story in the Forum for this month called Sanctuary. Thus Annie does not turn Jim in owing to her values. A sense of mystery and impending doom looms for the protagonist Jim Hammer who even though successfully escapes the clutches of white police authorities fails to escape the moral imprisonment. With critically acclaimed titles in history, science, higher education, consumer health, humanities, classics, and public health, the Books Division publishes 150 new books each year and maintains a backlist in excess of 3,000 titles. Larson, Charles R., ed. Being punished and humiliated by your own kin has a greater impact than imprisonment by white police officers. See also Bibliographies and Textual Scholarship for information on textual variants and the plagiarism scandal attached to Larsens final publication, Sanctuary.. Passing (1929), a short, expressionistic novel about phenotypically ambiguous African American women, also received positive notices, and in 1930 Larsen became the first Black woman awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. But in fact the King's younger brother, Prince William, ruled in Kassel as Regent until he succeeded his brother, reigning as William VIII until 1760. On being interrogated about Jims whereabouts, Annie maintains her composure and denies seeing him. While Annie serves her community, Jim unknowingly betrays it, becoming a subject of ridicule and contempt in the formers eyes. From 1813 onwards, the Electorate of Hesse was an independent country and, after 1815, a member of the German Confederation. In the 1920s, Larsen moved to Harlem and began working as a librarian. Ratings Friends & Following William's grandson, Elector Frederick William, sided with the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War. Search for other works by this author on: American Literature (2016) 88 (3): 509540. Helga Crane had taught in Naxos for almost two years, at first with the keen joy and zest of those immature people who have dreamed dreams of doing good to their fellow men. Large, too. Helga shuddered a little as she recalled some of the statements made by that holy white man of God to the black folk sitting so respectfully before him. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-3650223. Also, guys, remember that leaving REVIEWS is a way that TpT gives you credit on products! With Helga it was almost a superstition that to concede to money its importance magnified its power. And then he had spoken of contentment, embellishing his words with scriptural quotations and pointing out to them that it was their duty to be satisfied in the estate to which they had been called, hewers of wood and drawers of water. 4 (Winter 1990), pp. Nevertheless she was soothed by the impetuous discharge of violence, and a sigh of relief came from her. They knew enough to stay in their places, and that, said the preacher, showed good taste. After a 1986 reissue of her novels by Rutgers University Press, she became the subject of a new, intense vogue across many sectors of literary study, including not only US and African American literary fields and womens studies, but also literary theory and queer studies. They had never liked the engagement, had never liked Helga Crane. racialization, intertextuality, signifyin (g), Nella Larsen, Edith Wharton, literacy Copyright 2016 by Duke University Press As protagonist Helga Crane searches for a community of people among whom she feels comfortable, she experiences the racial prejudice, sexism, and suocating Alliteration Jimsgrimy garmentscontrast with thesnowy sheetsandlaundered linenwhich represents cleanliness. Foreword by Marita Golden Introduction by Charles R. Larson The Wrong Man Freedom Sanctuary Quicksand Passing Part OneEncounter Part TwoRe-encounter Part ThreeFinale Nella LarsenA Chronology. Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS) The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel expanded in 1604 when Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle, Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg (15371604). To relinquish James Vayle would most certainly be social suicide, for the Vayles were people of consequence. Project MUSE Nella Larsen Shortly after the publication of Larsen's second and last novel, she published the story "Sanctuary" which concerns a man who, after shooting someone, seeks refuge in the home of a friend's mother, not realizing that it is the friend who he has shot and killed. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> ", Wegert, Karl H. "Contention with Civility: The State and Social Control in the German Southwest, 17601850. McDowell 1986 was important for Larsens recanonization and remains widely cited. Nella Larsen was born in Chicago to immigrant parents Peter and Marie Walker, who were from the Danish West Indies and Denmark respectively. Nella Larsen was accused of plagiarizing British author Sheila Kaye-Smith's short story "Mrs. Adis," whose plot resembled Larsen's short story "Sanctuary." This accusation is disputed, but although it was never proved, Larsen never published anything after "Sanctuary." Guggenheim Fellowship. From 1946 onwards, it was reorganized into the State of Hesse, a federal state of West Germany. Jim feels shattered on learning the identity of his victim. This story of a biracial young woman unable to find a place among Southern Blacks, Black Harlemites, or white Danish relatives appeared with Van Vechtens publisher Knopf and was well received by African American and white reviewers alike. station63.cebu Larsens fiction was neglected for decades, but interest revived as feminist and African Americanist scholars gained places in the academy during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1930, Nella Larsen published a story in a mainstream magazine that effectively ended her career. Her father's early death, and her mother's remarriage to a white man, meant isolation and rejection in childhood, and limited contact with her natal family as an adult. Even the startling revelation about his sons death and the subsequent identity of his murderer does not obstruct her decision to hide Jim. Books and papers scattered about the floor, fragile stockings and underthings and the startling green and gold negligee dripping about on chairs and stool, met the encounter of the amazed eyes of the girl who came in the morning to awaken Helga Crane. She couldnt define it, isolate it, and contemplate it as she could some other abstract things. It wasnt, she was suddenly aware, merely the school and its ways and its decorous stupid people that oppressed her. It has been found out . . You could not be signed in. It was, rather, the fault of the method, the general idea behind the system. Frantically Helga Crane clutched at the lot and then flung them violently, scornfully toward the wastebasket. James Vayle. 32, 36, 50, N1 Bockenheimer Warte. In 1806, upon the dissolution of the Reich and the dispossession of his cousin, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel, the Landgrave took the title of Grand Duke of Hesse. Left . three American Literary Magazine Awards for Editorial Content in the 1990s. In Passing, her second novel published in 1929, she examines the troubled friendship between two mixed-race women who can pass as white. Scholars con- Yes, it was like that; a few of the ideas which she tried to put into the minds behind those baffling ebony, bronze, and gold faces reached their destination. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. It is a major tourist attraction. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain. It consists of dramatic events such as running away from a crime and seeking refuge in a state of panic and terror, the provider interrogating the cause and her participation in the same while complying with the plan out of her loyalty towards her community. Obadiahs mother Annie Poole lets him enter the house despite learning about his crime. This scarred her reputation as a writer which resulted in a decline in her literary career. She had counted on a few spare minutes in which to indulge in the sweet pleasure of a bath and a fresh, cool change of clothing. Nellallitea 'Nella' Larsen (first called Nellie Walker) was an American novelist of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote two novels and a few short stories. A slender, frail glass vase fell from the sill with a tingling crash, but Helga Crane did not shift her position. Your email address will not be published. Instinctively Helga was aware that their smiling submissiveness covered many poignant heartaches and perhaps much secret contempt for their instructors. Thus, sometimes you have to unwillingly perform certain actions that would not benefit you alone but your community as a whole. This was, he had told them with obvious sectional pride, the finest school for Negroes anywhere in the country, north or south; in fact, it was better even than a great many schools for white children. Nella Larsen (b. Kassel became the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia with Napoleon's brother Jrme Bonaparte as king. What will Annie do? Pre-made digital activities. Helga, on the other hand, had never quite achieved the unmistakable Naxos mold, would never achieve it, in spite of much trying. The only feasible reason that could justify her action is Jims belongingness to her community. [2] <> Not only his garments but his soul too as he kills the man whose mother allows him to seek refuge. From 1813 onwards, the Electorate of Hesse was an independent country and, after 1815, a member of the German Confederation . From long habit her biscuit-colored feet had slipped mechanically out from under the covers at the bells first unkind jangle. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. A lack somewhere. She pitied and despised them. What a waste! this page. It was a comfortable room, furnished with rare and intensely personal taste, flooded with Southern sun in the day, but shadowy just then with the drawn curtains and single shaded light. Suddenly she longed for immediate departure. Very positively she wanted it. The story follows a man who seeks shelter in his friends house after committing a murder accidentally, only to later find out his friend is his victim. Would you harbor a criminal? The key message a reader can decode is to follow your value system only if it allows adaptability to suit your contemporary situations. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Larsens technique of plot twists renders the narrative a dramatic touch to play with the notion of fate and destiny. Meanwhile, the Klu Klux Klan reemerged to terrorize black Americans through lynching and other acts of violence and terror. Complete your free account to request a guide. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, German soldiers deployed by the British in the War, Landgraviate of Hesse-Wanfried-(Rheinfels), Landgraviate of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hesse&oldid=1036652781, States and territories established in 1567, Articles needing additional references from January 2015, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ingrao, Charles. The dignitaries, she said, are not in their offices, and there will be yards and yards of red tape to unwind, gigantic, impressive spools of it.. Books Indeed, it was this craving, this urge for beauty, which had helped to bring her into disfavor in Naxospride and vanity, her detractors called it. What, exactly, she wondered, was happiness? Yet she had continued to try not only to teach but to befriend those happy singing children, whose charm and distinctiveness the school was so surely ready to destroy. to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). American Literature 1 September 2016; 88 (3): 509540. About; Welcome to HathiTrust; Our Partnership; Our Digital Library . A sordid necessity to be grappled with. The others were left scattered about. She hated to admit that money was the most serious difficulty. [This work is a part of a deep, fun short story unit!] Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. About; Welcome to HathiTrust; Our Partnership; Our Digital Library . ", Wilder, Colin F. "" THE RIGOR OF THE LAW OF EXCHANGE": How People Changed Commercial Law and Commercial Law Changed People (Hesse-Cassel, 16541776). LitCharts Teacher Editions. How can one explain the ending of the story? She is a black woman in her fifties who shelters her sons friend as an act of loyalty to her community. In the corridor beyond her door was a medley of noises incident to the rising and preparing for the day at the same hour of many schoolgirlsfoolish giggling, indistinguishable snatches of merry conversation, distant gurgle of running wat Made with in London - 2023 Perlego Ltd - 138 Holborn, London EC1N 2SW - VAT 246681777, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Citation styles for Collected works by Nella Larsen. title Negro American Literature Forum and for the next fifteen years 1891d. He hoped, he sincerely hoped, that they wouldnt become avaricious and grasping, thinking only of adding to their earthly goods, for that would be a sin in the sight of Almighty God. But not this evening. The story opens with a man Jim Hammer discreetly running on the lonely road in an anticipation of being followed. The guilt translates his sanctuary into asuffocating shelter. Get them to think about what repercussions could occur when faced and harboring a criminal. 30+ Slides, Several projects, Group Activities, Graphic Organizers, TASK CARDS assignments, Reader Response, Short response and multiple choi. Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Nella Larsen's Passing. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. To flee danger, black Americans migrated north and settled in neighborhoods like Harlem, which would go on to be hubs of African-American community and culture. As the official publication of the Division on Black American Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful. Prince Christophe was a director in the Third Reich's Ministry of Air Forces, Commander of the Air Reserves, and held the rank of . <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> And the night grew cooler, and older. Somewhere outside a whippoorwill wailed. A lack of acquiescence. Instant PDF downloads. Larsens earliest known works are two 1926 pulp stories about presumptively white characters. Evidently there were parts of her she couldnt be proud of. Standards. Her wrinkled face is old copper in tone and framed by a crinkly mass of white hair. Her wrinkled face is old copper in tone and framed by a crinkly mass of white hair. Further, her decision could also be interpreted as a deliberate act of leaving Jim to rot in the hells of a morally guilty conscience which would not allow him to have a moments peace in his life. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service. Please try again. Many will be looking at Easter services this year and wondering if they are not glimpsing the future of the church. McDowells Introduction remains widely cited. Annie could have given Jim to the authorities who were looking for him after his criminal act. Would you harbor a criminal? She had been engaged to him since her first semester there, when both had been new workers and both were lonely. The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. It was useless to offer her atom of friendship, which under the existing conditions was neither wanted nor understood. Please consider checking out the other short story materials and resources in my store. Black, very broad brows over soft yet penetrating dark eyes, and a pretty mouth, whose sensitive and sensuous lips had a slight questioning petulance and a tiny dissatisfied droop, were the features on which the observers attention would fasten; though her nose was good, her ears delicately chiseled, and her curly blue-black hair plentiful and always straying in a little wayward, delightful way. Her own lack of family disconcerted them. [1] Frederick II, notably, hired out so many troops to his nephew King George III of Great Britain for use in the American War of Independence, that "Hessian" has become a common term among Americans and historians for all German soldiers deployed by the British in the War. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. A beggar, she thought ruefully, cannot expect to choose.. | Find, read and cite all the research you . And there was James Vayle to be told, and much-needed money to be got. Left page scan # 9. But gradually this zest was blotted out, giving place to a deep hatred for the trivial hypocrisies and careless cruelties which were, unintentionally perhaps, a part of the Naxos policy of uplift. His profession is not specified and the possible cause of his act is unclear. Just then it was tumbled, falling unrestrained about her face and onto her shoulders. The elector was restored following Napoleon's defeat in 1813, and although the Holy Roman Empire was now defunct, William retained his title of Elector, as it gave him pre-eminence over his cousin, the Grand Duke of Hesse. At last she stirred, uncertainly, but with an overpowering desire for action of some sort. Other work. The minutes gathered into hours, but still she sat motionless, a disdainful smile or an angry frown passing now and then across her face. Foreword. But if you were just plain Helga Crane, of whom nobody had ever heard, it was presumptuous of you to be anything but inconspicuous and conformable. In the Paleolithic Era, the Central Hessian region around Wetzlar was settled. Ever since her arrival in Naxos she had striven to keep these ends of the days from the intrusion of irritating thoughts and worries. endobj Annie Poole She is a black woman in her fifties who shelters her sons friend as an act of loyalty to her community. <>/Metadata 95 0 R/ViewerPreferences 96 0 R>> Nella Larsen spent several years in Denmark as a child and young adult, but later returned to the United States. Instead, she continues to hide him as allegiance to her communitys morals. The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen. No, it wasnt the fault of those minds back of the diverse colored faces. Nellas mother later remarried another Danish immigrant, Peter Larsen. Red tape. However, in response to the cultural ferment of postGreat Migration Harlem, and with the encouragement of her friend Carl Van Vechtena white, gay critic, novelist, and saloniste interested in Black cultureLarsen wrote an autobiographical first novel, Quicksand (1928). And eerily quiet. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. First published under the title An Intimation of Things Distant in 1992, this collection includes all three of Larsens short stories, The Wrong Man, Freedom, and Sanctuary. Its biographical note is outdated; see Biographies. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. 36, No. Access to over 1 million titles for a fair monthly price. This site uses cookies. endobj Usually she was successful. Naxos. Work and walk through this story with your students. Her success was fragile, though; earlier the same year, a short story brought accusations of plagiarism, and in 1931 Knopf rejected the Guggenheim manuscript. Even his tongue could not utter any words as if it is a weighted, dying thing.. He was now completely naturalized, as they used laughingly to call it. Even his tongue could not utter any words as if it is a , Jim accidentally kills his friend Obaidah and later learning about it paralyzes him with terror and shame. Although it was a fairly widespread practice at the time to rent out troops to other princes, it was the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel who became infamous for hiring out contingents of their army as mercenaries during the 17th and 18th centuries. And he had dared any Northerner to come south and after looking upon this great institution to say that the Southerner mistreated the Negro. Bill Lowndes He is a white sheriff who informs Annie Poole about her sons sudden and unfortunate demise at the hands of Jim Hammer. Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to produce a complex account; provide an objective summary of the text. Uncle Peter was different. 1891-d. 1963) was born in Chicago to a white, Danish immigrant mother and a Black Virgin Islander father. 1963) was born in Chicago to a white, Danish immigrant mother and a Black Virgin Islander father. From 194445 as part of Nazi Germany, it was divided into the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau. Your email address will not be published. No longer lonely, he was now one of the community and so beyond the need or the desire to discuss its affairs and its failings with an outsider. Nella Larsen was accused of plagiarizing British author Sheila Kaye-Smiths short story Mrs. The sum owing to her by the school would just a little more than buy her ticket back to Chicago. But to his shock, sheriff Bill Lowndes and his team knock at Annies door and inform her about Obaidahs tragic demise. that it is an exact blue print of a story by Sheila Kaye-Smith called Mrs. Adis . Larsen visited Denmark in childhood, and again in her late teens, and was educated at Fisk University briefly, at Lincoln Hospitals nursing school in the Bronx, and at the Library School of the New York Public Library. Jim is terrified and concerned for his destiny. In a moment the faintness receded, leaving in its wake a sharp resentment at the trick which her strained nerves had played upon her. %PDF-1.7 If she couldnt find something else, she would have to ask Uncle Peter for a loan. Jims gun shoots Obaidah, his friend whose mother is guarding him against the crime, unknown about the truth until the sheriff knocks at her door. and culture. After a few hours, Jim believes his plan of escape to be a success and he prepares himself to move out of the covers. All her life Helga Crane had loved and longed for nice things. During the 17th century, the landgraviate was internally divided for dynastic purposes, without allodial rights, into: These were reunited with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel when each particular branch died out without issue. That was all. The way the content is organized, A concise biography of Nella Larsen plus historical and literary context for, In-depth summary and analysis of every chapter of, Explanations, analysis, and visualizations of. It crystallized her wavering determination. It would have to be tomorrow. Foreshadowing Annie Pooles inquiry into the color of the dead man as White man o niggah? and Jims uncertainty about the identity of his victim when he professes Caint say, Mis Poole. The narrative then flashes back to two years before, when Irene . By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Social Annotation as Transcontextualization in Graduate Reading Practices, The Skyscrapers Unseeing Eyes: Louis Sullivan, Nella Larsen, and Racial Formalism, Nella Larsen's Etiquette Lesson: Small Talk, Racial Passing, and the Novel of Manners, To Be Black Is to . Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Faintness closed about her like a vise. Helgas own feelings defeated inquiry, but honestly confronted, all pretense brushed aside, the dominant one, she suspected, was relief. HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. Part 1, Chapter 1. Irony The plot twist in the narrative concerning the revelation of the man that Jim accidentally kills forms the key irony in the story. Copyright 2016 by Duke University Press. Her stepfather, her stepbrothers and -sisters, and the numerous cousins, aunts, and other uncles could not be even remotely considered. The majority of the state combined with Frankfurt am Main, the Waldeck area (Rhine-Province) and the old Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau to form the new state of Hesse following the Second World War. xYF}`KqJ^|VUwS/u9uT|. ^78Dc{#}^|2\l>kkox:`X>M]^(b-zBM-B+m&)~ She had decided to leave Naxos. PDF | When Nella Larsen's story "Sanctuary" appeared in the Forum in 1930, readers noted its similarity to "MRS. Adis," a tale by the popular British. mission to include the study of a broader array of cultural Larsen visited Denmark in childhood, and again . Larsen's "Sanctuary" reveals the false promises held out to African Americans by a series of values that were much recommended to them: literacy, filial devotion, Christian charity, and group allegiance. But just what did she want? And he had said that if all Negroes would only take a leaf out of the book of Naxos and conduct themselves in the manner of the Naxos products there would be no race problem, because Naxos Negroes knew what was expected of them. www.palmengarten.de. Was it possible in the present rebellious state of her feelings? From 194546, it was renamed Greater Hesse (German: Grohessen) and was part of the US occupation zone in Germany. Ironically she visualized the discomfort of James Vayle. Knowing full well that it was important, she nevertheless rebelled at the unalterable truth that it could influence her actions, block her desires. She often cuts Jim during his justifications and praises comments for her that enable her to set her character as a no-nonsense woman. -Graham S. During the 1920s, African-Americans moved en masse from the rural South to urban spaces in the North and Midwest, populating cities like New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit. Refine any search. Annie Poole, seemingly did. Website. New ed. No family. endobj I'm Richard Williams, The Angry Teacher. Passing: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. racialization, intertextuality, signifyin (g), Nella Larsen, Edith Wharton, literacy Copyright 2016 by Duke University Press Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Sanctuary by Nella Larsen is a story that deals with the themes of race, community, crime, and identity. Certainly his attitude had gradually changed, though he still gave her his attentions. Literature and Culture of the Modern Language Association, the Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? High / 300 ppi. Even so, Helga Crane knew that he would be more likely to help her because her need would strengthen his oft-repeated conviction that because of her Negro blood she would never amount to anything, than from motives of affection or loving memory. % A pre-COVID service with pews filled at Old South Union Church in Weymouth . He was a German SS officer killed accidentally during World War II. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. So large that the spot where Helga sat was a small oasis in a desert of darkness. interviews; poetry; fiction; and book reviews. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. This essay suggests that the intertextuality of Larsens Sanctuary extends beyond Mrs. Most of her works revolved around her contemporary issues such as race, community, crime, language, and identity. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. How good, she thought, to go now, tonight!and frowned to remember how impossible that would be. Adis, whose plot resembled Larsens short story Sanctuary. This accusation is disputed, but although it was never proved, Larsen never published anything after Sanctuary.. Nella Larsen Shortly after the publication of Larsen's second and last novel, she published the story "Sanctuary" which concerns a man who, after shooting someone, seeks refuge in the home of a friend's mother, not realizing that it is the friend who he has shot and killed. Contents. 8. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Therefore, no need, no use, to stay longer. The police leave the premises and Jim is afraid of the impending confrontation with Annie. Current page scan # 9. This knowledge, in its present aspect of truth, irritated her to an astonishing degree. From the mid-1940s almost to her death, she worked as a nurse. What is the principal message of the story? Sanctuary Nella Larsen, (1891-1964) I On the Southern coast, between Merton and Shawboro [note 1], there is a strip of desolation some half a mile wide and nearly ten miles long between the sea and old fields of ruined plantations. He is a big black man who runs for his life and seeks shelter at his friend Obaidahs house, unknown to him as well as Obaidahs mother Annie about his accidentally killing Obaidah himself. Activities for all 1699 titles we cover the troubled friendship between two mixed-race women who can pass white. The wastebasket walk through this story with your students to analyze Literature like LitCharts does composure and seeing! Works revolved around her contemporary issues such as race, community, crime, and other uncles could utter! Also Bibliographies and Textual Scholarship for information on Textual variants and the ability to save and., but honestly confronted, all pretense brushed aside, the Electorate of Hesse was an independent country and after! 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