erful leader. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. HistoryLearning.com. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Three bombs hammered her. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. The Japanese lost 322 airplanes, most of them going down with the carriers. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. (. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. It Didnt End Well. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. northwestward of Midway. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. Spruance launched an assault on February 16-17 against Truk, the Japanese Pearl Harbor, at the same time that Admiral Turners forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the west. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. Spruance graduated from the U.S. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. John C. Waldron. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Akagi and Kaga subsequently went down. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. Spruance was a dedicated sailorthorough in his absorption of all aspects of training and techniques. Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. And, off Okinawa, Spruance never faltered in face of the destruction wrought by the kamikazes. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man is now being told for the first time by one of his close friends and wartime associates. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. Hickman, Kennedy. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. Lieutenant in command of the USS Enterprise air group. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Spruance was calculating and cautious. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. During World War II, he was commander in the . Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. Unites States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 16 on the USS Enterprise. He never did things the same way twice. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Terms of Use| Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. >On March 29, 1944, Admiral Spruance took tactical command of a three-pronged assault against the Palau Islands, 550 miles east of the Philippines, and against Yap Island and Ulithi Atoll in the western Carolines. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. 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