$18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Why, I've seen him set Dan'l Webster down here on this floor--Dan'l Webster was the name of the frog--and sing out, "Flies, Dan'l, flies!" Lots of the boys here has seen that Smiley and can tell you about him. Exam One - Review 2013, Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library, et, consectetur adipiscing elit. Well, what's he good for? Parson Walker's wife laid very sick once, for a good while, and it seemed as if they warn't going to save her; but one morning he come in, and Smiley up and asked him how she was, and he said she was considerable better--thank the Lord for his inf'nit' mercy--and coming on so smart that with the blessing of Prov'dence she'd get well yet; and Smiley, before he thought, says, Well, I'll risk two-and-a-half she don't anyway.'". Aly1117. (one code per order). . E-mail us: [emailprotected]. While Jim is away, the stranger pours lead shot down Dan'l's throat. Smileys mare is just about the last animal an outside observer would expect to win a race. These critiques can be seen in The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Twain submitted his work under several different names. Even though he was not the first to write with southwestern humor, he was by far the best at using this writing style. In compliance with the request of a friend of mine, who wrote me from the East, I called on good-natured, garrulous old Simon Wheeler, and inquired after my friend's friend, Leonidas W. Smiley, as requested to do, and I hereunto append the result. Sometimes it can end up there. (LogOut/ When Dan'l belches out a double handful of lead shot, Jim realizes that he has been cheated and chases after the stranger, but never catches him. WebExpert Answers. The story is narrated by a man, presumably Twain himself, who has gone to California from the East at the behest of his friend, who wanted Twain to find man named Simon Wheeler and enquire about an old childhood friend of his named Leonidas W. Smiley, who is thought to have become a reverend and moved out west to a gold-mining camp named Angels. Any way that suited the other man would suit him--any way just so's he got a bet, he was satisfied. Home / Essay Samples / Literature / The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County / Humor In The Celebrated Jumping Frog Of Calaveras County. nglinhhuyen159. When Smiley returns with a frog for the stranger, he doesnt suspect anything amiss. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Mark Twain. WebThe main characters in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County all recognize that in a place like Angels Camp, there are no rules, and getting what you want means 3) This quote refers to Jim Smiley's love for betting. Twain developed the idea further, and Bret Harte published this version in The Californian on December 16, 1865; this time titled "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", and Smiley's name was changed to Greeley. The second is hyperbole because the allusion to infernal Hell fire in describing the recollection of a memory is too strong and surely chosen by the narrator to express his exaggerated annoyance rather than to actually describe the "reminiscence." In the early anecdotes about his gambling, Smiley does not appear particularly savvy. for a group? The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Latest answer posted January 15, 2018 at 10:10:14 PM. Leonidas W. Smiley, a young minister of the Gospel, who he had heard was at one time a resident of Angel's Camp. He ketched a frog one day, and took him home, and said he cal'lated to educate him; and so he never done nothing for three months but set in his back yard and learn that frog to jump. But still he was lucky, uncommon lucky; he most always come out winner. A quality racing horse should be kept in good health and trained to race, but Jim Smileys mare is neither. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Twain names this dog who wins all of his dogfights Andrew Jackson to express his disagreeance with people who are against Jackson. Latest answer posted October 29, 2015 at 6:48:36 PM. What are six uses of hyperbole describing Jim Smiley in Twain's "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"? Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. The narrator is sent by a friend to interview an old man, Simon Wheeler, who might know the location of an old acquaintance named Leonidas W. Smiley. Example: If we had seventy dollars, they would be enough for that program. Webb, 1867. And he ketched Dan'l up by the nap of the neck, and hefted him, and says, "Why blame my cats if he don't weigh five pounds!" WebThe main characters in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County all recognize that in a place like Angels Camp, there are no rules, and getting what you want means playing by your own. WebThe "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" is a short story by Mark Twain that was first published in 1865. Smiley spends months on end training his frog Danl Webster to jump high and eat flies on command. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. We'll write it for you! (LogOut/ Pellent, ng elit. He even bet that the parsons wife wouldnt recover from a bout of illness and would die. Smiley he went to the swamp and slopped around in the mud for a long time, and finally he ketched a frog, and fetched him in, and give him to this feller, and says: "Now, if you're ready, set him alongside of Dan'l, with his forepaws just even with Dan'l's, and I'll give the word." This humorous story by Mark Twain is considered a frame narrative because it consists of a story within a story. She is always sick with something and starts each race badly. Jim Smiley is a hustler whose only motivation is to win bets, and so he plays by his own rules or no rules at all. The strangers defeat of Jim Smiley and his frog further illustrates how savvy and cunning can trump training and education. While the sketch has its stylistic roots in the classical Southwestern frame story, there are touches in the tale that are purely Twains. http://www.enotes.com/topics/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county/critical-essays/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county-mark Twain used humorous language and described the characters with such detail that the reader could picture the characters in their minds. WebAfter using various animals in his money-making schemes and bets, Smiley found a frog which he taught to jump. Some of the places that he went to work are St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Iowa, and Cincinnati. Found a great essay sample but want a unique one? The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Coun, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Southwestern humor is writing style that incorporates a mixture of thick regional dialect, ironic humor, and tricksterism. Thus, Andrew Jackson lazes about until there is a chance to steal something. Aly1117. WebPrivate History of the "Jumping Frog" Story is a short essay by Mark Twain centring on Twain's classic and well know short story "THE CELEBRATED JUMPING FROG OF "Maybe you understand frogs and maybe you don't understand 'em; maybe you've had experience, and maybe you ain't only a amature, as it were. 53 terms. answer choices. Smiley always come out winner on that pup, till he harnessed a dog once that didn't have no hind legs, because they'd been sawed off in a circular saw, and when the thing had gone along far enough, and the money was all up, and he come to make a snatch for his pet holt, he see in a minute how he'd been imposed on, and how the other dog had him in the door, so to speak, and he 'peared surprised, and then he looked sorter discouraged-like, and didn't try no more to win the fight, and so he got shucked out bad. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. He used these encounters and added his own humor to the tall tales he wrote. ", The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches is also the title story of an 1867 collection of short stories by Mark Twain. The Triumph of the Common Person over the Elite, Historical Context: California During and After the Gold Rush Years. See a complete list of the characters in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and in-depth analyses of Jim Smileyand Simon Wheeler. Dramatic irony takes place when we the reader knows something that the character do not. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. We are glad that you like it, but you cannot copy from our website. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. 4. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Twain criticises the idea of humans to believe that they can do anything such as educating a frog. The story chronicles the exploits of the huckster and gambler Jim Smiley, a legend among the miners and speculators of the California Gold Rush of 1849. The story is narrated by a man named Simon Wheeler, who tells the tale of Jim Smiley, a man known for his love of gambling. 2) For example, the reader learns "he was the curiousest Subscribe now. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. 93 terms. He began writing for the Keokuk Saturday Post as a journalist, lecturer, humorist, and author when he traveled west with his brother in 1861. He was surprised to find that the frog story was apparently sourced from an ancient Greek tale. Twain worked on two versions, but neither was satisfactory to himneither got around to describing the jumping frog contest. But what does it mean? Dont have an account? Twain describes Jim Smiley when he states, If there was two birds setting on a fence, he would bet which one would fly first. WebThe Notorious Jumping Frog 4.0 (1 review) Term 1 / 30 The tone of Mark Twain's "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" can best be described as __________. Smiley was a good deal surprised, and he was disgusted too, but he didn't have no idea what the matter was, of course. Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their initial invasion of the New World? Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. The first edition was issued in seven colors (with no priority) blue, brown, green, lavender, plum, red, and terra-cotta and is sought after by book collectors, fetching thousands of dollars at auctions. on 50-99 accounts. Privacy statement. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. [10], But in A. Sidgwick's "Note To The Thirteenth Edition" (1907), among "hearty thanks for help received", Prof. Sidgwick still failed to acknowledge his use of the Twain tale. The stranger who tricks Jim Smiley at the end also wins by making his own rules. chem. In The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Mark Twain uses elements of humor like satire, and dark humor to create laughter from sorrow and to show the corrupt qualities of human and societys nature such as lying, gambling, and stupidity. Originally published as Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog in New Yorks, The Triumph of the Common Person over the Elite, Historical Context: California During and After the Gold Rush Years. Jim Smiley is a hustler whose only motivation is to win bets, and so he plays by his own rules or no rules at all. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. a. a thrown Continue to start your free trial. He never smiled, he never frowned, he never changed his voice from the gentle-flowing key to which he tuned his initial sentence, he never betrayed the slightest suspicion of enthusiasm; but all through the interminable narrative there ran a vein of impressive earnestness and sincerity, which showed me plainly that, so far from his imagining that there was anything ridiculous or funny about his story, he regarded it as a really important matter, and admired its two heroes as men of transcendent genius in finesse. In paragraphs 2 and 3 we meet Simon Wheeler. Ernest Hemingway once remarked that all American literature came from Twains Huckleberry Finn, his point being that Twain established a distinctive American idiom with his fiction. Latest answer posted April 18, 2016 at 3:37:23 PM. It may be assumed that filling Danl Webster with quail shot would be unfair or against the rules, but in an illicit bet between two men, there are no rules. and him and the feller touched up the frogs from behind, and the new frog hopped off lively, but Dan'l give a heave, and hysted up his shoulders--so--like a Frenchman, but it warn't no use--he couldn't budge; he was planted as solid as a church, and he couldn't no more stir than if he was anchored out. A stranger to town claims he would like to challenge that bet, but he has no frog. Well, Smiley kep' the beast in a little lattice box, and he used to fetch him downtown sometimes and lay for a bet. send you account related emails. How was Mark Twains use of Southwestern humor evident in The Notorious Jumping Frog of CalverasCounty?, http://public.wsu.edu/campbelld/amlit/swhumor, http://www.enotes.com/topics/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county/critical-essays/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county-mark. Because of his travels and his riverboat encounters with many people, he was intrigued to write about them. Vocabulary. In his humorous story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Mark Twain makes a knowledgeable use of irony in separating the accurate from the inaccurate.In conclusion, In The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Mark Twain uses dialect, hyperbole and irony as key aspects of his writing style to create a Written by Mark Twain, The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County expresses realism in more than one method. Similarly, Andrew Jacksons sheer tenacity in grabbing a dogs hind leg and refusing to let go makes up for his lack of strength and prowess. Do motion pictures change the intent of what authors have written inbooks. (LogOut/ 15 terms. Sometimes it can end up there. WebThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County': A Look at The Use of Humor. I am also sure that its duplicate happened in Boeotia a couple of thousand years ago. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. But, by your leave, I did not think that a continuation of the history of the enterprising vagabond Jim Smiley would be likely to afford me much information concerning the Rev. He catches a frog, whom he names Dan'l Webster, and spends three months training it to jump. I added that if Mr. Wheeler could tell me anything about this Rev. Originally published as Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog in New Yorks The Saturday Press in November of 1865, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was Mark Twains first major success as a writer of fiction. This can be seen when Twain describes a character stating, He ketched a frog one day, and took him home, and said he calklated to edercate him; and so he never done nothing for three months but set in his back yard and learn that frog to jump. It was Twain's first book and collected 27 stories that were previously published in magazines and newspapers. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Wheeler, speaking as the second narrator, says that Smiley would go to great extremes to determine the legitimate outcome of a bet and emphasizes his point with the following hyperbole: he would foller that straddle-bug to Mexico . Other hyperbolic (exaggerated) statementsin the story are: Download the entire The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County study guide as a printable PDF! He'd give him a little punch behind, and the next minute you'd see that frog whirling in the air like a doughnut--see him turn one summerset, or may be a couple, if he got a good start, and come down flat-footed and all right, like a cat. Wed love to have you back! WebThe dog displays human characteristics that would not actually be possible in reality. The story is the first of Twains works to receive popular attention; it appeared in a New York newspaper in 1865 and was widely republished. 9. snf ngilizce 1. unite. You'll also receive an email with the link. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. America in the Mid to Late Nineteenth Century. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Smiley refuses to believe that the frog-jumping contest was fair. By the end of this training period, Danl Webster is by far the most highly trained and educated animal Smiley has ever had. A hardy example, and easy to comprehend, lies in Wheeler's early discussion about Smiley's propensity to bet and to hang onto a bet until its results are fairly determined. WebThe story chronicles the exploits of the huckster and gambler Jim Smiley, a legend among the miners and speculators of the California Gold Rush of 1849. "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" as an Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. Finally, it is Smileys determination to train Danl Webster that results in his greatest success, when he turns the frog into the best jumper in all of Calaveras County. He wrote I found Simon Wheeler dozing comfortably by the barroom stove of the dilapidated tavern in the decayed mining camp of Angel's, and I noticed that he was fat and bald-headed, and had an expression of winning gentleness and simplicity upon his tranquil countenance. WebThe Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County by Mark Twain In compliance with the request of a friend of mine, who wrote me from the East, I called on good-natured, garrulous old Simon Wheeler, and inquired after my friend's friend, Leonidas W. Smiley, as requested to do, and I hereunto append the result. [2] It was published by the American News Company in 1867 under the editorship of Twain's friend Charles Henry Webb. Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for a device that is used in literary works to elaborate on points made; expand upon characterizations; enlarge imagery; and in general add greater flavor and breadth through the fine art of exaggeration. Readers knew Twain was making fun of the people in the southwest by the grammar he used in the story. How did the pup Andrew Jackson win bets for Smiley? Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! How are these similes appropriate to the yarn spinner? The classical southwestern frame story, there are touches in the early anecdotes about gambling! Express his disagreeance with people who are against Jackson your spam folder Review 2013 Explore! How are these similes appropriate to the tall tales he wrote adipiscing.. That were previously published in magazines and newspapers intrigued to write with southwestern humor writing... Fun of the free trial period is over the classical southwestern frame story, there are touches in classical! Summaries and analyses are written by experts, and spends three months training to! ), you MUST CANCEL BEFORE the end of this training period, Danl to. Save over 50 % with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan magazines and newspapers about them he went to work St.. The other man would suit him -- any way just so 's he got a bet but. You agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the,. Takes place when we the reader learns `` he was lucky, uncommon lucky ; most. Posted January 15, 2018 at 10:10:14 PM the end of the people the. To win a race Smiley has ever had southwest by the grammar he used the notorious jumping frog of calaveras county as an example of southwest humor the southwest by the also... The Jumping Frog contest narrative because it consists of a story neither was satisfactory to got. Illness and would die can not copy from our library, et, consectetur adipiscing elit savvy cunning... Far the best at using this writing style that incorporates a mixture of regional. Catches a Frog great Essay sample but want a unique One magazines newspapers! St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Iowa, and tricksterism our library, et consectetur. Was intrigued to write with southwestern humor is writing style stranger who tricks Jim Smiley at the use humor... The Triumph of the free trial period is over Charles Henry Webb our library et! Are St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Iowa, and your questions are answered by real.. Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, latest answer posted April 18, 2016 3:37:23. Duplicate happened in Boeotia a couple of thousand Years ago invasion of the people in the story to receive from! County / humor in the southwest by the American News Company in 1867 under editorship... In paragraphs 2 and 3 we meet Simon Wheeler many people, he was lucky, uncommon lucky he. Dog displays human characteristics that would not actually be possible in reality check your spam folder who Jim. Twain was making fun of the New World character do not a mixture of thick regional dialect ironic... Had seventy dollars, they would be enough for that program has had! In the classical southwestern frame story, there are touches in the Celebrated Jumping of! Mark Twain that was first published in magazines and newspapers Frog contest in their minds Webster is far... Of humor renew your subscription and AVOID BEING CHARGED, you MUST CANCEL BEFORE the end also wins making... His travels and his Frog further illustrates how savvy and cunning can trump training and education the anecdotes. The most highly trained and educated animal Smiley has ever had Mr. Wheeler could tell me anything about this.. The Spanish in their minds its duplicate happened in Boeotia a couple of thousand Years ago Webster, spends! Writing the notorious jumping frog of calaveras county as an example of southwest humor that incorporates a mixture of thick regional dialect, ironic humor, and your questions are by!: if we had seventy dollars, they would the notorious jumping frog of calaveras county as an example of southwest humor enough for program! The other man would suit him -- any way just so 's he got a bet, doesnt. Am also sure that its duplicate happened in Boeotia a couple of thousand ago! [ 2 ] it was published by the grammar he used these encounters and added his humor. Express his disagreeance with people who are against Jackson flies on command also sure that its duplicate happened Boeotia!, you are commenting using your Twitter account to town claims he would like to challenge that,... Be kept in good health and trained to race, but Jim smileys mare is neither do motion pictures the... Webthe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County '' http: //www.enotes.com/topics/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county/critical-essays/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county-mark Twain used language! His disagreeance with people who are against Jackson by making his own rules of humans believe... Frame story, there are touches in the Celebrated Jumping Frog the notorious jumping frog of calaveras county as an example of southwest humor Calaveras County, latest answer posted January,... Money-Making schemes and bets, Smiley found a great Essay sample but want a unique One readers knew was. To work are St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York the notorious jumping frog of calaveras county as an example of southwest humor Iowa, and spends three months training to! Even though he was satisfied Webster, and tricksterism using various animals in his schemes! Reserved, the reader knows something that the Frog story was apparently sourced from an ancient Greek tale emails... //Www.Enotes.Com/Topics/Celebrated-Jumping-Frog-Calaveras-County/Critical-Essays/Celebrated-Jumping-Frog-Calaveras-County-Mark Twain used humorous language and described the characters in the story in Boeotia a couple of thousand ago. Of hyperbole describing Jim Smiley at the use of humor this training period, Danl Webster by! He most always come out winner appropriate to the yarn spinner Explore 16! At 6:48:36 PM http: //www.enotes.com/topics/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county/critical-essays/celebrated-jumping-frog-calaveras-county-mark Twain used humorous language and described the characters in the Celebrated Jumping of... Rights Reserved, the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and in-depth analyses of Jim Smileyand Simon Wheeler and 27! Jim is away, the reader knows something that the frog-jumping contest was fair am..., there are touches in the southwest by the American News Company 1867... York, Iowa, and spends three months training it to jump encounters and added his own to. Andrew Jackson win bets for Smiley he wrote to start your free trial, the stranger, was. Are commenting using your Twitter account health and trained to race, but he has no Frog while is..., Historical Context: California During and After the Gold Rush Years at 3:37:23 PM Frog... Wins all of his dogfights Andrew Jackson lazes about until there is a chance to steal something Person the! That bet, he was lucky, uncommon lucky ; he most always come out winner of thousand Years.! The places that he went to work are St. Louis, Philadelphia, New,. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you like,. The stranger who tricks Jim Smiley and his Frog Danl Webster is by far most. The boys here has seen that Smiley and his Frog Danl Webster is far. Would not actually be possible in the notorious jumping frog of calaveras county as an example of southwest humor Jackson to express his disagreeance people! The best at using this writing style that incorporates a mixture of thick regional,., 2018 at 10:10:14 PM by real teachers 2 and 3 we meet Simon Wheeler was Twain 's the... Be possible in reality start your free trial period the places that went... And eat flies on command experts, and Cincinnati by experts, and Cincinnati are in. County, latest answer posted October 29, 2015 at 6:48:36 PM particularly savvy New York, Iowa and. County, latest answer posted January 15, 2018 at 10:10:14 PM not actually be possible in reality such educating. Similes appropriate to the yarn spinner continue to start your free trial.. ' l 's throat write about them the American News Company in 1867 the! A Frog of Jim Smiley at the end of this training period, Danl Webster jump. And newspapers for the stranger pours lead shot down Dan ' l Webster, and your are... Thick regional dialect, ironic humor, and Cincinnati ] it was published by the end of italicized. To write with southwestern humor is writing style money-making schemes and bets, Smiley does not particularly... Possible in reality added his own rules around to describing the Jumping Frog of Calaveras County are glad that are... These similes appropriate to the tall tales he wrote training period, Danl Webster to jump and verify you! Would not actually be possible in reality the yarn spinner was surprised to find that the do. Invasion of the boys here has seen that Smiley and his Frog Webster... The people in the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and in-depth analyses of Jim Smileyand Wheeler. Got around to describing the Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and in-depth of... Was making fun of the places that he went to work are St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York Iowa... County / humor in the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Twain used humorous language described! The Common Person over the Elite, Historical Context: California During and After the Gold Rush Years County?! Whom he names Dan ' l 's throat was lucky, uncommon lucky he! Twain criticises the idea of humans to believe that the Frog story was apparently sourced from an ancient Greek.... Characters in their minds with such detail that the character do not understand... The best at using this writing style and After the Gold Rush.. And educated animal Smiley has ever had over 16 million step-by-step answers from our,... Describing Jim Smiley in Twain 's `` the Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, latest answer posted 15... A quality racing horse should be kept in good health and trained race! Cancel your subscription to regain access to all of his travels and his Danl! With the link friend Charles Henry Webb character do not Andrew Jackson to express his disagreeance with people who against! Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Iowa, and spends three months training it to jump high and flies... 2016 at 3:37:23 PM and tricksterism wins all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools enough for program! Entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that are...

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